[35], The larger states traditionally carry more weight in negotiations, however smaller states can be effective impartial mediators and citizens of smaller states are often appointed to sensitive top posts to avoid competition between the larger states. Some, including the President of the Euro Group Jean-Claude Juncker, stated that "the sovereignty of Greece will be massively limited. [10], Mayotte is the newest of the five overseas departments, having changed from an overseas collectivity with OCT status on 31 March 2011. In most cases this is because those states have gained an opt-out from a certain policy area. Just under half of the population of the sovereign base areas are Cypriots, the rest are British military personnel, support staff and their dependants. The Lisbon Treaty made the first provision of a member state to leave. [6], The 9 Outermost Regions of the European Union are:[7]. Every area not mentioned remains with member states.[40]. In contrast to other organisations, the EU's style of integration has "become a highly developed system for mutual interference in each other's domestic affairs". A2 is the countries that joined the EU in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania. Danish citizens residing on the islands are not considered citizens of a member state within the meaning of the treaties or, consequently, citizens of the European Union. Again this can be, according to Article 51(2)(b) limited. It is part of the EU, but is excluded from the customs union and the VAT area. This has traditionally been largely through the "Franco-German motor" but Franco-German influence has diminished slightly following the influx of new members in 2004 (see G6). Collectively, the special territories encompass a population of some 6.1 million people and a land area of about 2,733,792 square kilometres (1,055,500 sq mi). The treaties do not give a judgement on the matter but court judgements have established EU's law superiority over national law and it is affirmed in a declaration attached to the Treaty of Lisbon (the European Constitution would have fully enshrined this). Of the remaining republics, five operate a semi-presidential system, where competencies are shared between the president and prime minister, while one republic operates a presidential system, where the president is head of state and government. Prior to the 50-year lease renewal coming into effect in February 2012, the Maly Vysotsky Island had also been leased and managed by Finland. This, together with the disproportionate representation of the smaller states in terms of votes and seats in parliament, gives the smaller EU states a greater power of influence than is normally attributed to a state of their size. In return, they pay a membership fee and have to adopt most areas of EU law (which they do not have direct impact in shaping). The Luxembourgish language is not an official language of the European Union. Consequently, the sovereign base areas would have become a de facto part of the Schengen Area if and when Cyprus implemented it. One example of this is the European Public Prosecutor. off-island and northern Cyprus) borders of the base areas to ensure that the border between the sovereign base areas and the Republic of Cyprus could remain fully open and would not have to be policed as an external EU border. The UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union on 29 March 2017 to formally initiate the Brexit process. The Overseas Countries and Territories are recognised by the Article 198 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union which allows them to opt into EU provisions on the freedom of movement for workers and freedom of establishment, and invites them to join the Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA) in order to improve cooperation with the European Union. In June 2008, the Dutch government published a report on the projected effect on the islands were they to join the EU as outermost regions. However, there is also the largely defunct term of associate member. While the member states are sovereign, the union partially follows a supranational system for those functions agreed by treaty to be shared. The largest region by population, the Canary Islands, accounts for more than a third of the total population of the special territories. Member states that do not have special-status territories are not included (as there the EU law applies fully with the exception of the opt-outs in the European Union and states under a safeguard clause or transitional period). In addition, the British territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is partially integrated with Cyprus in the areas of agriculture, customs, indirect taxation, social security and border control. The most common type of proportional representation is the party-list system. [52] A similar mechanism is Permanent Structured Cooperation in Defence, where the majority of EU states work in a flexible manner on defence cooperation. Pursuant to the principle of sincere cooperation, the Union and the member states shall, in full mutual respect, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from the Treaties. What were you looking for? According to the Copenhagen criteria, membership of the European Union is open to any European country that is a stable, free-market liberal democracy that respects the rule of law and human rights. As a consequence, their EU status was unclear for a time. Around 80 percent of this area is represented by Greenland. [59] The status may be obtained by any Finnish citizen legally resident in Åland for 5 years who can demonstrate an adequate knowledge of the Swedish language.[60]. The Turkish language is not an official language of the European Union. The change was made to facilitate trade with countries outside the EU, notably the United States,[32] and was made possible by a provision of the Lisbon Treaty which allows the European Council to change the EU status of a Danish, Dutch, or French territory on the initiative of the member state concerned. Under the treaty signed by Finnish and Russian governments, Russian law is in force with a few exceptions concerning maritime rules and the employment of canal staff which fall under Finnish jurisdiction. Åland is outside the VAT area[10] and is exempt from common rules in relation to turnover taxes, excise duties and indirect taxation. Read more about the role of the European Council A list of the remaining member states which do not have special-status territories, and participate in all EU provisions: Austria Belgium Estonia Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Slovakia Slovenia, Territories of EU member states which enjoy special status within or outside the European Union, Special member state territories and the European Union, Location of the European Union and the special territories, Overseas Countries and Territories Association, Non-EU countries and territories with partial EU integration. The Netherlands Antilles were initially specifically excluded from all association with the EEC by reason of a protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome, allowing the Netherlands to ratify on behalf of the Netherlands in Europe and Netherlands New Guinea only, which it subsequently did. Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. [20] For a state to join the European Union, the prior approval of all current member states is required. Although it calls for a negotiated withdrawal between the seceding state and the rest of the EU, if no agreement is reached two years after the seceding state notifying of its intention to leave, it would cease to be subject to the treaties anyway (thus ensuring a right to unilateral withdrawal). 1. on Ceuta and Melilla attached to the Final Act of the Accession Treaty of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement (, See Article 299(6)(b) of the Consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community as amended by the, Joint Declaration No. The Outermost Regions were recognised at the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992,[1] and confirmed by the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007. Their status is described in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and they are not part of the EU or the European Single Market. The Canary Islands are a Spanish archipelago off the African coast which form one of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain–the country's principal first-level administrative division. The road from Värska to Ulitina in Estonia, traditionally the only road to the Ulitina area, goes through Russian territory for one kilometre (0.6 mi) of its length, an area called Saatse Boot. The table below shows which aspects of governance are exclusively for collective action (through the Commission) and which are shared to a greater or lesser extent. Due to the military nature of zone, the UN requires permits for some economic activity to ensure that the fundamental nature of the area as a buffer zone is not compromised. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina is an international administrator who has wide-ranging powers over Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure the peace agreement is respected. [57] However, there are some derogations due to the islands' special status. Introduced in the Treaty of Amsterdam, Article 7 outlines that if a member persistently breaches the EU's founding principles (liberty, democracy, human rights and so forth, outlined in TEU Article 2) then the European Council can vote to suspend any rights of membership, such as voting and representation. Additionally, other acronyms have been used to refer to countries which have limited access to the EU labour market.[19]. "Brexit: European Parliament overwhelmingly backs terms of UK's exit", "The presidency of the Council of the EU", "The European Parliament: Historical Background", "Deal shows Merkel has staked out strong role]". One of the French territories subsequently switched status from OMR to OCT (Saint Barthélemy), while another French territory switched from OCT to OMR (Mayotte). As a result of the Greek government-debt crisis, Greece accepted a large austerity plan including privatisations and a sell off of state assets in exchange for their bailout. [21] However, the treaties do not provide any mechanism to expel a member state outright.[22]. Case 6-64. [28] Subsequently, the UK sought, and was granted, a number of Article 50 extensions until 31 January 2020. Norway and Switzerland have special areas. Could a ‘reverse Greenland’ arrangement keep Scotland and Northern Ireland in the EU? [47], While the outermost regions and the overseas countries and territories fall into structured categories to which common mechanisms apply, this is not true of all the special territories. Why control State aid? [49], EU integration is not always symmetrical, with some states proceeding with integration ahead of hold-outs. Previously limited to European Community matters, the practice, known as the 'community method', is currently used in many areas of policy. Parliamentary structure in member states varies: there are 15 unicameral national parliaments and 12 bicameral parliaments. [87] Euros are accepted for the canal fees. The notion of multi-speed integration is anathema to some, including President Juncker, who see it as divisive to the European project and others, such as the less-integrated states, who feel they would be left behind. EU law is suspended in the northern third of the island (the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, whose independence is recognised only by Turkey) by article 1(1) of the Cyprus Protocol. The main reason for leaving is disagreements about the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and to regain control of Greenlandic fish resources to subsequently remain outside EU waters. The European Union moved to sign and ratify the treaty in 2016, triggering protests from far-right and religious groups, mainly in Central Europe. Member State of the European Union, unless the reservation excludes a Member State of the European Union. The EEA links these countries into the EU's market, extending the four freedoms to these states. The most notable is the opt-out from the Economic and Monetary Union, the adoption of the euro as sole legal currency. This page was last edited on 1 April 2021, at 12:39. French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion are five French overseas regions (which are also overseas departments) which under French law are, for the most part, treated as integral parts of the Republic. All OCTs have joined OCTA as of February 2020. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that the islands remained within the EU as outermost regions,[14] European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community. Ireland does not participate in the Schengen Agreement. 10 member state territories have ad hoc arrangements in their relationship with the EU. On 22 February 2007, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy were broken away from the French overseas department of Guadeloupe to form new overseas collectivities. [16] However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012. [citation needed], There are also differences in the level of self-governance for the sub-regions of a member state. However, the islands are part of the Nordic Passport Union and the Schengen Agreement provides that travellers passing between the islands and the Schengen Area are not to be treated as passing the external frontier of the Area. The General Report on the Activities of the European Union. Under the Northern Ireland Protocol of the Brexit withdrawal agreement, Northern Ireland remains de facto part of the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union for the purposes of goods only, in order to prevent the creation of a customs border on the island of Ireland. However, as the body grew, this right has been removed and each state is represented equally. [34], Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are classified as "countries" under Dutch law, and have considerable internal autonomy. Historically, larger member states were granted an extra Commissioner. Therefore, the Treaty generally prohibits State aid unless it is justified by reasons of general economic development. Zimbabwe and Hong Kong are not listed in the annex. [27], The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (which also include the French Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, and the French claim of Adélie Land in Antarctica) is a French Overseas Territory but has no permanent population. The European Union (EU) consists of 27 member states. [16] However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012. ("Competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties remain with the member states"). The Internal Enlargement of the European Union, Centre Maurits Coppieters Foundation, UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, Special member state territories and the European Union, Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union, Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Article 4 of the Treaty on European Union, whether EU law is superior to national law, List of European Union member states by political system, Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Population on 1st January by age, sex and type of projection", "Brexit Day Live Updates: U.K.'s Final Hours in the E.U. Subsidiarity, meaning that decisions are taken collectively if and only if they cannot realistically be taken individually, is a founding principle of the EU. Art.198 of the EURATOM Treaty states that the treaty applies to, By the third protocol to the Cyprus adhesion Treaty to EU and British local ordinance (see, Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community, Treaty of Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus, United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, states under a safeguard clause or transitional period, non-self-governing-territory under Portuguese administration, European Coal and Steel Community Treaty, Art.79, European Parliament electoral constituencies, Declaration on the outermost regions of the Community, "La collectivité de Saint-Barthélémy obtient un nouveau statut européen", Council Decision of 27 November 2001 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Community, "Council Directive 2013/61/EU of December 2013", "Case search - Competition - European Commission", Outermost regions, Fact Sheets on the European Union, "Guidelines on Trading with the European Community (EC)", of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, "COUNCIL DECISION 2013/755/EU of 25 November 2013: On the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Union ('Overseas Association Decision')", "EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories", "Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs)", Art. [23] After an extended period of negotiation and internal political debate the United Kingdom eventually withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020 concluding the first phase of the Brexit process. Acronyms have been used as a shorthand way of grouping countries by their date of accession. Summary for member states that do not have special-status territories, but do not participate in certain EU provisions as they are either not yet eligible or have an opt-out. When the Rome Treaty was signed in March 1957, a total of 15 OCTs existed: French West Africa, French Equatorial Africa, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Comoros Archipelago, French Madagascar, French Somaliland, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, French Togoland, French Cameroons, Belgian Congo, Ruanda-Urundi, Trust Territory of Somalia, Netherlands New Guinea. The European Union - What it is and what it does. Full membership gives the government of a member state a seat in the Council of the European Union and European Council. [13] They all use the euro as their currency. Minimal or none. Up to 1 September 1962 no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences. The Faroese króna is not a separate currency, but a local issue of the Danish krone, 150 non-permanent in winter, 310 in summer (research and military personnel). The next edition of The State of the Union will take place in Florence between Thursday 6 May and Saturday 8 May 2021.The forthcoming edition will mark the tenth anniversary of the European University Institute’s flagship conference which over the past decade has firmly established itself as a key forum for discussion and debate on the most pertinent issues facing Europe and Europeans. Loi n°55-1052 du 6 août 1955 portant statut des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises et de l'île de Clipperton. български español čeština dansk Deutsch eesti ελληνικά English (Current language) français Gaeilge hrvatski italiano Contact the EU The United Kingdom left the EU in 2020. [63] Büsingen was also outside of the Schengen area until Switzerland joined on 12 December 2008. # In accordance with Article 5, competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties remain with the member states. Two protocols to the Treaty of Accession 2003—numbers 3 and 10, known as the "Sovereign Base Areas Protocol" and the "Cyprus Protocol" respectively – reflect this complex situation. Select your language. [1] The Treaty of Lisbon included two additional territories (Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin) in 2007. In addition, to protect the local economy, the treaty of accession allows for a concept of hembygdsrätt/kotiseutuoikeus (regional citizenship). There are a number of overseas member state territories which are legally part of the EU, but have certain exemptions based on their remoteness. The procedure for a state to leave is outlined in TEU Article 50 which also makes clear that "Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements". The base areas are already de facto members of the eurozone due to their previous use of the Cypriot pound and their adoption of the euro as legal tender from 2008. However the EU mission does enjoy certain executive powers over the state and has a responsibility to maintain stability and order. Other projects, such as the European Fiscal Compact, operate between EU members but as a separate intergovernmental treaty outside of the official EU structures.[53]. Prior to Cypriot accession to the EU in 2004, although the United Kingdom was an EU member at the time, EU law did not apply to the sovereign base areas. [citation needed] The exact areas where the member states have given legislative competence to the EU are as follows. It became an outermost region, and thus part of the EU, on 1 January 2014.[12]. Greenland joined the then European Community in 1973 as a county along with Denmark, but after gaining autonomy with the introduction of home rule within the Kingdom of Denmark, Greenland voted to leave in 1982 and left in 1985, to become an OCT. As such, they benefit from being able to have their own export and import policy to and from the EU, while still having access to various EU funds (such as the European Development Fund). Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964. The Italian exclave village of Campione d'Italia is enclaved by Switzerland's Ticino canton as well as Lake Lugano (or Ceresio), and is a comune in the Province of Como, whilst Livigno, a small and remote mountain resort town, is a comune in the Province of Sondrio. Very early on in the history of the EU, the unique state of its establishment and pooling of sovereignty was emphasised by the Court of Justice:[38]. The German village of Büsingen am Hochrhein is an exclave entirely surrounded by Switzerland, and as such is, for practical purposes, in a customs union with the latter non-EU country. Denmark has an opt out from the Common Security and Defence Policy; Denmark and Ireland have an opt-out on police and justice matters and Poland has an opt out from the Charter of Fundamental Rights.[54]. [21] They are not part of the EU and the EU acquis does not apply to them, though those joining OCTA are required to respect the detailed rules and procedures outlined by this association agreement (Council Decision 2013/755/EU). [81] However, Faroese people may become EU citizens by changing their residence to the Danish mainland. The inhabitants of the islands are EU citizens owing to their Dutch citizenship, with the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament. Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States … [50] The smallest by land area is the island of Saba in the Caribbean (13 km2 or 5 sq mi). Some European countries are strongly connected to the European Union, through the European Economic Area or similar agreements. Although part of the EU, Livigno is excluded from the customs union and VAT area, with Livigno's tax status dating back to Napoleonic times. The situation of Greenland being outside the EU while still subject to an EU member state had been discussed as a template for the pro-EU regions of the UK remaining within the EU or its single market.

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